The Federated State and International Relations: Quebec in Comparative Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article draws upon varied sources, including archives, governmental publications, and around 40 confidential interviews by the first named author in and around the Quebecgovernment.and Quebec is one of the most active and influential (from a soft power perspective) of such actors (British Council, 2018), maintaining relations with more than 80 international partners.Quebec is, with the Flemish region of Belgium, arguably the federated State with the world's most dense diplomatic network, having signed 828 agreements since the 1960s.It maintains its own ministry of Foreign and Francophone Affairs and boasts 37 permanent quasi-diplomatic representations abroad (Gouvernement of Québec, 2019).Though formally only a province, Quebec has demonstrated a consistent interest in security and defense issues, particularly since the 9/11 terrorist
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".