Bibliographic record
Abstract
Courts in Federal Countries: Federalists or Unitarists? is an important addition to the books of comparative scholarship produced by the Forum of Federations that detail many sectoral issues, themes, and practical problems that arise in federal systems around the world.The Forum of Federations is an international organization and network created by the Government of Canada.It consists of federal partner countries from both mature and developing nations.The forum seeks to strengthen democratic governance by promoting dialogue on, and understanding of, the values, practices, principles, and possibilities of federalism.Today the work of the Forum of Federations takes the organization to many established and democratizing nations around the globe.It works in these countries sharing the experiences of other federal and decentralized nations that have an interest in shared rule, promoting best practices, and adopting better governance options in the interests of advancing democracy.The forum's activities in building intellectual capital through projects such as the Courts and Judicial Systems project are a pillar of the organization.These core activities enable it to utilize these experiences around the world with its partners, and in its development assistance programs in countries aspiring to democratic multi-level governance.A comparison of courts in federal countries has seen little scholarly attention; its vital importance in federations was a compelling reason to investigate this area as part of the Forum of Federations core programming.In March 2012, the Forum of Federations, in collaboration with the Secrétariat aux affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.287 | 0.126 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".