Enhancing Specific Energy in Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors via Quasi-Anodeless Configuration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (Na-HCs) often experience limited rate capabilities due to the inherent challenges of hard carbon anodes, such as sloped discharge profiles and poor kinetics. Despite this, the effectiveness of hard carbon for sodium plating opens opportunities beyond its conventional use. Leveraging this property, we explore hard carbon as a 3D current collector for Na deposition, aiming to employ it as an efficient anode material in Na-HCs. A key advancement in our approach is the employment of a lean hard carbon anode with ultralow loading (<0.3 mg cm –2 ), which significantly elevates the cell’s energy density. This design boosts the energy density of the cell by operating the anode at a stable potential near 0 V, thereby increasing the operating voltage of the hybrid capacitor. Moreover, it enables the voltage profile of hybrid capacitors to resemble more closely that of porous carbon, contrasting with the typical dome-shaped profiles seen in standard hybrid capacitors. The implementation of this method has yielded a remarkable 40% increase in the specific energy. Our research provides a promising direction for the Na-HC community, showcasing a Na-HC that can operate for 25,000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g –1 while maintaining 71% of its capacity. This quasi-anodeless configuration, coupled with a judicious selection of electrode materials and electrolyte composition, marks a significant advancement in the quest for efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".