Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter discusses Egypt’s revival as a regional power in the Ottoman and European international systems by investigating its modern forms of governance, representations of state power, and the transformation of relations of state with society. Scholarly debates on the causes and origins of these processes involve the modernizing policies of Muhammad ‘Ali and his heirs. Nationalist narratives regard these as a manifestation of Egyptian nationalism against Ottoman and European imperialism. Revisionists argue that the development of a modern administration, military, and industries occurred in an evolving symbiosis with Europeans and Ottomans. State projects transformed Egyptian society, forcing the population to reorient its primary concerns from family and village, urban quarter, and mosque to the state. The resultant burgeoning of an Egyptian public challenged the century-long domination of a dual-elite, the Ottoman Egyptian dynasty and the European colonies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.034 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".