Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter takes as its starting point the fact that law—both national and international—is informed and developed in society, and in turn helps to develop society. It examines how sociological approaches to the study of international courts and tribunals can enrich understandings of how these bodies function but also of international law more broadly. The chapter distinguishes sociological approaches from both legal and political science analyses, noting that the former focus on institutions in a broader sense as assemblages of practices within larger social fields or more generally as devices for ordering society. It introduces classical approaches to sociology, including interpretative sociology, structural formalism and systems theory, and Marxism and critical theory, highlighting how these approaches have provided a series of general studies of law and courts in society with considerable relevance for understanding international courts and society. The chapter then introduces more recent approaches, including the law and society movement and the study of transnational law. It highlights through this discussion how sociological approaches can give rise to different kinds of questioning which in some cases challenges widespread assumptions of what international courts are in the first place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".