The Efficiency of Air Source Heat Pumps as a Reliable HVAC Option For Homes in Future Climate Scenarios Across Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the use of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) in a detached residential home. The study aims to assesses the performance of ASHPs to see whether these systems can provide reliable and energy efficient heating and cooling in mild, cold, and very cold climate zones across Canada. This study also investigates how the use of ASHPs in a warming Canadian climate will affect residential TUEI and GHG emission compared to a natural gas furnace within the home. An energy model was constructed in OpenStudio to perform the necessary simulations to compare the ASHP and the natural gas furnace in present and future scenarios. Theoretical analysis was also done to determine whether the ASHP system can provide reliable heating and cooling to detached residential homes inToronto (zone 6A),Vancouver(zone 5A)and QuebecCity(zone7). Findings indicated that ASHP systems would be best suited for residential use inVancouver (zone 5A) across all three weather scenarios (Present 1998-2014, Future 2030-2041 and Future 20562075)due to the milder temperatures annually. The colder climates for Toronto and Quebec City would require supplemental heating to meet the heating demand of the residence in those locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".