Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parks were places where people could enjoy the open air and the beauty of the flowers and trees, and through a variety of activities become physically, socially and morally improved. Generally, these activities tended to be rather sober in comparison with those offered by the pleasure gardens, but there were exceptions to this, particularly on special occasions such as a park opening. Three days of celebrations marked the opening of Derby Arboretum on 16 September 1840. The corporation's procession to the arboretum and the official opening ceremonies were followed the next day by a second procession, this time of trades and societies, and the celebrations included a balloon ascent, dancing and a firework display. On the third day, children's day, there were sports, games and more dancing. Subsequently, 15 August, the birthday of the donor Joseph Strutt, was celebrated by a general half-holiday, with a procession, massed bands and special attractions in the arboretum. At the opening of Birkenhead Park on 5 April 1847, the crowd, estimated at 10,000, enjoyed the sports, the bands and the Lancashire bellringers who performed on the upper storey of the boathouse, but the highlight of the day was the rural sports competition. This included sack, hurdle, foot and blindfold wheelbarrow races, races for women, and other competitions such as a grinning match, eating a bowl of ‘stirrah’ or porridge, and catching the greasy pig. The pigs were prepared for this ordeal by shaving them and soaping their tails. To enable people from the surrounding towns to enjoy the opening of People's Park, Halifax, 10 years later, special excursion trains were laid on. There was a general holiday, a huge procession to the park led by the Sixth West Yorkshire militia followed by nine bands, and thousands came from Huddersfield, Bradford and Leeds to participate in the feasting which lasted into the small hours: ‘There never was a more happy day in all our town's history than 14 th August. Gladness beamed in every eye; pleasure ruled in all hearts; happiness filled every mind, joy lighted up every individual's face.’ Parks were places which large numbers of people could use and they did so, on special occasions and on ordinary Sundays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.729 | 0.463 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".