Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as low filtration function in the kidneys, protein in the urine, or functionally-important structural abnormalities. Low filtration function is associated with waste build-up in the bloodstream and difficulty in excreting salt and water, leading to fluid build-up. CKD may worsen over time, and some individuals with CKD may experience kidney failure, at which point dialysis or transplantation is required to replace kidney function. CKD may be caused by diabetes, renovascular disease, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and various genetic and environmental factors. In 2023, approximately four million Canadians live with and 11-13% of the global population are affected by CKD. This disorder has a 50% five-year mortality rate and is associated with lower quality of life compared to other chronic diseases, including sickle cell anemia, cancer, and cystic fibrosis. CKD’s comorbidities, such as diabetes, are increasing in prevalence and can increase the risk of developing CKD. Thus, the rates of CKD are also set to rise.3 Annual CKD management costs across Canada total $40 billion, with dialysis treatment for people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) costing $100,000 per patient.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.101 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".