Effect of methanol and photoinduced surface oxygen vacancies on the charge carrier dynamics in TiO2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The migration of holes in metal-oxide semiconductors such as TiO2 plays a vital role in (photo)catalytic applications. The dynamics of charge carriers under operation conditions can be influenced by both methanol addition and photoinduced surface oxygen vacancies (PI-SOVs). Nevertheless, the existing knowledge of the effect of methanol as a function of PI-SOVs solely concentrates on the chemical reduction process. For this reason, the fundamental understanding of the time-dependent charge carrier-vacancy interactions in the presence of methanol is impaired. Here, we conducted time-resolved atomic force microscopy measurements to quantitatively disclose the effect of methanol adsorption on the dynamics of hole migration in TiO2. Our results show that time constants associated with the migration of charge carriers significantly change due to methanol adsorption. Moreover, the energy landscape of the hole migration barrier was dominated and lowered by PI-SOVs. Our findings contribute to the physics of charge carrier dynamics by enabling the engineering of charge carrier-vacancy interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".