Earliest observation of the tetracycline destructase <i>tet(X3</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tigecycline is an antibiotic of last resort for infections with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . Plasmids harboring variants of the tetracycline destructase gene tetX promote rising tigecycline resistance rates. We report the earliest observation of tet(X3 ) in a clinical strain predating tigecycline’s commercialization, suggesting selective pressures other than tigecycline contributed to its emergence. IMPORTANCE We present the earliest observation of a tet ( X3 )-positive bacterial strain, predating by many years the earliest reports of this gene so far. This finding is significant as tigecycline is an antibiotic of last resort for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), which the World Health Organization ranks as one of its top three critical priority pathogens, and tet ( X3 ) variants have become the most prevalent genes responsible for enabling CRAB to become tigecycline resistant. Moreover, the tet ( X3 )-positive strain we report is the first and only to be found that predates the commercialization of tigecycline, an antibiotic that was thought to have contributed to the emergence of this resistance gene. Understanding the factors contributing to the origin and spread of novel antibiotic resistance genes is crucial to addressing the major global public health issue, which is antimicrobial resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".