The Nexus Between ICT, Trade Openness, Urbanization, Natural Resources, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the determinants of economic growth (Y) in Kazakhstan over the period 1990-2022.In other words, the effects of urbanization (URB), natural resources (NR), trade openness (TO), foreign direct investment (FDI), and ICT variables on Y were to be determined.In the study, ARDL method and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine the short and long-term effects.As a result of the analysis, it was found that URB, TO, FDI, and ICT increased Y in the short and long run.On the other hand, NR did not affect Y.The results of the VECM revealed a bilateral causality between URB, TO, FDI, ICT, and Y in the short and long run.Finally, no causality was found between NR and Y.These findings may help policymakers in realizing Kazakhstan's economic development goals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".