Characterization of Dragon Blood Resins and Their Potential as Modifying Agents for Hydrophobic Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrophobic membranes often have fouling problems; thus, surface modification is required to increase membrane hydrophilicity.This can be achieved by the addition of materials containing hydrophilic groups, such as dragon blood resin (DBR).This study aims to identify the properties of DBR that are critical for the modification of hydrophobic membranes.The DBR used is a grade A resin from the species Daemonorops draco Blume.DBR was characterized by analyzing its functionalities, morphology, elemental composition, surface charge and antimicrobial activity.The results show the presence of hydroxyl groups, including O-H, C-O and C=O functions, along with the elemental composition of oxygen, nitrogen and silica, as well as a negative charge (-44.42 mV).These are expected to contribute positively to the improved hydrophilicity of the membrane.However, DBR does not exhibit antibacterial activity against E. coli, therefore the addition of DBR is limited to enhance antifouling properties of membranes.The results are useful as a primary knowledge for the modification of hydrophobic membranes based on biomaterial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".