Do gestures reflect children’s lexical retrieval difficulties?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract According to the Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis, one important function of representational gestures is to help speakers retrieve words for production. In this study, we test whether gestures help preschoolers access words for production. We tested two predictions generated from the LRH. First, since bilinguals often have greater difficulties with lexical access than monolinguals, we predicted that bilinguals will gesture more than monolinguals. Second, since low-frequency words are harder to access than high frequency words, we predicted that the more low-frequency words children used, the more they would gesture. Using children’s (aged 4 to 6 years) data from a storytelling task, we found no difference in gesture use between bilinguals and monolinguals. We did, however, find that the use of low-frequency words was a positive predictor of gesture use. While this result could support the LRH, an exploration of some examples of gesture production raises some doubts about that conclusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".