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Record W4392385214 · doi:10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p56

Les Eaux Stagnantes Constituent Une des Occasions d’Exposition au Plomb et aux Coliformes à Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo

2024· article· fr· W4392385214 on OpenAlexaff
Kalum Muray

Bibliographic record

VenueEuropean Scientific Journal ESJ · 2024
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicHistorical and Environmental Studies
Canadian institutionsLaurentian University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHumanitiesArt

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Les eaux stagnantes envahissent tous les quartiers de la ville de Kinshasa, même dans les communes situées aux endroits surélevés, comme Mont Ngafula. Ces eaux découlent des usées eaux, des immondices, des pluies et des inondations. Il n’est pas rare de voir des matières fécales en suspension dans ces eaux stagnantes, en raison du débordement des puits d'évacuation des fosses septiques. Étant donné que peu d’études portent sur les effets des eaux usées et encore moins sur les eaux stagnantes dans la ville de Kinshasa, justifie l’intérêt de cette étude. Celle-ci avait donc comme objectif d’examiner les éléments physico-chimique et biologiques (microbiologiques) contenus dans les eaux usées stagnantes de Kinshasa, susceptibles d’être nuisibles à la santé humaine. De ce fait, pour caractériser les paramètres physicochimiques et bactériologiques des eaux stagnantes, l’étude a utilisé des bandelettes réactives à l’instar des tests immuno-enzymatiques. Durant la saison pluvieuse, les échantillons étaient cueillis dans certaines communes, aux endroits où les eaux stagnantes étaient permanentes, qu’il pleuve ou non. Aux sites codés A, les prélèvements étaient effectués, à au moins trois jours sans précipitation, tandis que ceux codés B, les prélèvements étaient cueillis dans l’intervalle de 2 à 6 heures après la pluie. Dans les deux cas, les prélèvements étaient effectués à 12 sites différents. À ces 24 sites de prélèvement, avant et après la pluie, les tests indiquent les résultats positifs au plomb et aux coliformes. Comparés aux normes de l’Agence de Protection de l’Environnement des États-Unis (US EPA), les résultats de cette étude dépassant les niveaux présumés sécuritaires. De ce fait, la proximité et/ou la présence de ces eaux stagnants dans les quartiers résidentiels, offre une occasion inéluctable d’exposition à ces substances. Par ailleurs, les enfants constituent une des couches des populations qui courent le plus haut risque. Discutant des effets délétères sur la santé reliés à ces substances, cet article recommande la gestion plus responsable des eaux usées ainsi que le principe de précaution. Donc, la gestion des eaux stagnantes devrait figurer parmi les outils de surveillance de la santé publique. Elle permettrait ainsi, en amont, de détecter et d’alerter les responsables de la santé publique de menaces à la santé et instituer des mesures susceptibles de protéger la communauté. Stagnant water invades all districts of the city of Kinshasa, even in communes located in elevated areas, such as Mont Ngafula. These waters come from wastewater, rubbish, rain, and floods. It is not uncommon to see fecal matter suspended in these stagnant waters, due to the overflowing of septic tank evacuation wells. Given that few studies focus on the effects of wastewater, and even fewer on stagnant water in the city of Kinshasa, it justifies the interest of this study. This paper focuses on examining the physicochemical and biological (microbiological) elements contained in stagnant wastewater in Kinshasa, which are likely to be harmful to human health. Therefore, to characterize the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of stagnant water, the study used reactive strips like enzyme immunoassays. During the rainy season, samples were collected in certain municipalities, especially places where stagnant water was permanent, whether it rained or not. At sites labeled A, samples were taken at least three consecutive days without precipitation, while at those labeled B, samples were collected between 2 and 6 hours after rain. In both cases, samples were taken at 12 different sites. At these 24 sampling sites, before and after the rain, the tests indicated positive results for lead and coliforms. Compared to the standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the results of this study exceed the presumed safe levels. As a result, the proximity and/or presence of these stagnant waters in residential areas offer an inevitable opportunity for exposure to these substances. Furthermore, children constitute one of the population groups who are at highest risk. In addressing the deleterious health effects associated with these harmful substances, this paper advocates for a more responsible management of wastewater, along with the application of the precautionary principle. Consequently, the supervision of stagnant water should be included among the tools for public health surveillance. This measure would enable early detection and notification of health threats to public health officials, facilitating the implementation of measures to safeguard the community.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.040
Threshold uncertainty score0.080

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0020.001
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.062
GPT teacher head0.319
Teacher spread0.257 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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