Insomnia Symptoms and Their Association with Anxiety and Poor Sleep Hygiene Practices Among Ethiopian University Students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Md Dilshad Manzar,1 Majumi M Noohu,2 Mohammed Salahuddin,3,4 Dejen Nureye,3 Abdulrhman Albougami,1 David Warren Spence,5 Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal,6 Ahmed S Bahammam7,8 1Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; 2Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India; 3Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; 4Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, Pharmacology Division, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; 5Independent Researcher, Toronto, ON, Canada; 6Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada; 7The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 8The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in Saudi Arabia (MED511-02-08), Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Md Dilshad Manzar Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi ArabiaEmail m.manzar@mu.edu.saObjective: There is a paucity of research evidence available regarding the impact of anxiety and sleep hygiene on insomnia and related sleep complaints among collegiate students in lower-income countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate if insomnia and insomnia-related sleep complaints are associated with anxiety, age, and sleep hygiene practices among a sample of university students in Ethiopia.Design, Measures, Setting, and Participants: The participants were young adults (n=525; mean age 21.5 ± 3.0 years; mean BMI of 20.7 ± 2.7kg/m2). Young collegiate adults at Mizan-Tepi University in southwestern Ethiopia were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. The measures included the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire-Mizan (LSEQ-M), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder– 7 Scale (GAD-7), and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regressions were used.Results: Insomnia was associated with young age group (≤ 25 years) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04– 4.66), higher GAD-7 (anxiety) (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.0– 1.10) and SHI (poor sleep hygiene) (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.05– 1.26) scores. All four insomnia-related sleep complaints were associated with increasing GAD-7 scores, as well as higher SHI scores (p< 0.001).Conclusion: Insomnia was associated with younger age group (≤ 25 years), higher anxiety level, and poor sleep hygiene. Four major sleep complaints in insomnia, ie, sleep onset problems, poor sleep quality, awakening problems, and daytime disturbances, were all associated with higher anxiety levels and poor sleep hygiene.Keywords: sleep, sleepiness, daytime dysfunction, young adults, low-income country
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".