RETRACTED: Plasmonic group 4 transition metal carbide interfaces for solar‐driven desalination
Post-publication record
OpenAlex flags this work as retracted, but it carries no matching Retraction Watch record in this frame.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To combat the dwindling supply of freshwater, solar‐driven desalination using plasmonic nanomaterials has emerged as a promising and renewable solution. Refractory plasmonic carbide nanomaterials are exciting candidates that are inexpensive and chemically robust but have not been widely explored. Herein, plasmonic carbide interfaces made of TiC, ZrC, and HfC nanoparticle aggregates loaded onto to a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane were explored to gain insight into their solar‐vapor generation and desalination potential. Desalination using Atlantic Ocean water under 1 sun intensity yielded rates of 1.26 ± 0.01, 1.18 ± 0.02, and 1.40 ± 0.01 kg m −2 h −1 , with efficiencies of 86%, 80%, and 96% for TiC, ZrC, and HfC, respectively. Carbide interfaces showed good stability and effectively removed heavy metal ions and salt from solutions with concentrations up to 35%. PVA hydrogel based TMC evaporators afforded rates of 3.31 ± 0.03 and 3.22 ± 0.03 kg m −2 h −1 for TiC and ZrC, respectively. The HfC‐PVA interface afforded a high solar desalination rate of 3.69 ± 0.04 kg m −2 h −1 , corresponding to an efficiency of 97% under 1‐sun illumination. The hydrogel evaporators also retained their strong salt rejection action over time.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".