Characterization of Adfreeze Shear Behavior at the Interface of Frozen Clay Till and Steel Piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frost heave of frost-susceptible soils in the active layer can produce uplift forces that can jack up pile foundations. One source of these uplift forces is the adfreeze stress that develops along the pile shaft. More accurate adfreeze stress values (both adfreeze shear strength and residual adfreeze stress) must be determined to properly consider them in pile design. This research utilized the direct shear test to characterize adfreeze stresses at frozen clay till and steel pile interface. The impacts of temperature, initial water content, and shear rate on adfreeze stresses were also evaluated. Both temperature and initial water content significantly affect adfreeze shear strength but have minimal impact on residual adfreeze stress. In contrast, the shear rate has a considerable impact on both. A wide range of adfreeze shear strength values were measured, ranging from 40 to 400 kPa, while residual adfreeze stresses are significantly lower, ranging from 15 to 60 kPa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".