Norton-Transformed Wideband High-Order Analog All-Pass Delays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this brief, we propose a novel compact wideband high-order all-pass-filter (APF) topology for use as an analog delay circuit. This topology avoids conventional cascading, which degrades bandwidth and increases power consumption. It consists of a common-source transistor and a passive impedance network whose order can be increased via a passive-impedance-network extension. To increase bandwidth and reduce circuit area, the network inductors are reduced by a factor of$\boldsymbol {N^{2}}$, where$\boldsymbol {N}$is the Norton-transformation coefficient. The viability of the topology is experimentally demonstrated with a single-stage 5th-order APF, which exhibits a delay of 75 ps with a 10% bandwidth from 0 to 16.4 GHz. The 65-nm-CMOS 5th-order APF occupies only 0.046 mm2 and draws 1.92 mA from a 1.3-V supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".