The adoption of a westernized gut microbiome in Indian Immigrants and Indo-Canadians is associated with dietary acculturation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Indian immigration to westernized countries has recently surged, increasing their risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) post-migration. While crucial for understanding IBD risk, the gut microbiome remains understudied in Indians. This cross-sectional study examines the gut microbiomes of Indians residing in India, Indo-Immigrants, and Indo-Canadians in comparison to Euro-Canadian and Euro-Immigrant controls to understand the impact of westernization on their gut. Stool samples for 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing assessed microbial taxa and functional profiles, complemented by dietary and demographic data to evaluate lifestyle patterns. Results revealed distinct microbiotas in Indians and Indo-Immigrants compared to control groups, with high abundances of Prevotella spp. and CAZymes reflecting their high complex carbohydrate diet. Indo-Canadians exhibited a transitional microbiome towards westernization, mirroring increasing dietary acculturation. Considering 44% of Canadians are first- and second-generation immigrants and the global adoption of westernized practices, future research should investigate the health implications of such microbiome transitions in immigrant populations and newly industrialized nations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".