Bibliographic record
Abstract
The invasion of Ethiopia – often referred to as Abyssinia at the time – in October 1935 by Fascist Italy under the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini was a major test of the League of Nations to which Ethiopia belonged. The failure of the League to protect one of its members was a major step in the decline of the League as a serious institution for the preservation of peace and a blow to the concept of collective security. The British Government and a sizeable segment of British public opinion were strong supporters of the League and a concentration of British naval forces in the Mediterranean resulted. As Malta was considered vulnerable to air attack, the majority of British naval forces were based at Alexandria. There was much talk of war should the League enact painful sanctions against Italy. Nevertheless, support of the League was not as strong as it seemed. The British Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare and his French counterpart Pierre Laval in December 1935 seemed ready to enter into an agreement with Mussolini that would have resulted in a partial dismemberment of Ethiopia, the so-called Hoare-Laval Pact. When news of this leaked out, there was great public indignation and Hoare was forced to resign, although in June 1936 he was back in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Nevertheless the Hoare-Laval Pact was a preview of things to come. The League enacted sanctions against Italy but failed to enact those that would be truly effective or likely to provoke war. The French government, in theory an equally strong supporter of the League, was anxious to maintain good relations with Italy in the face of a resurgent Germany. The Fascist conquest continued unchecked and by late April 1936 the Italian army was closing in on Addis Ababa, the capital of landlocked Ethiopia. The question of the fate of Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia now became acute. At first the Emperor asked the British to ensure the safety of the Empress and his younger children and grandchildren but then extended the request for himself and a larger entourage [1, 4]. With the consent of the French government, the imperial party was to be evacuated in a British warship through Djibuti, the major port of neighbouring French Somaliland [5].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".