Instantaneous Radiative Forcings of Greenhouse Gases  
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The top of the atmsophere (TOA) instantaneous long wave radiative forcings resulting from increasing greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O and various halogenated gases were found by solving the equation of transfer.  The observed altitude dependence of the greenhouse gas concentrations was used as well as the standard midlatitude temperature profile.  The calculations used the line intensities or absorption cross sections from the HITRAN database and also considered the effect of scattering by a cloud layer.  Various cloud properties were considered including altitude, optical depth and single scattering albedo for both isotropic and forward scattering.  The results show that a cloud layer reduces the TOA radiative forcing from its clear sky value.  The incremental forcing is even negative for an optically thick high altitude cloud.  This occurs because the temperature increases with altitude in the stratosphere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".