Release of ancient dissolved carbon by thawing submarine permafrost in the Canadian Beaufort Sea 
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-term warming of the continental shelf of the Canadian Beaufort Sea has caused decomposition of submarine permafrost. Ancient dissolved carbon preserved in submarine permafrost could be transported and released into seawater by submarine groundwater discharge derived from thawing permafrost. However, the rate and scale of such a carbon emission is currently unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigate the δ13C, Δ14C, and composition of sediment pore fluid from samples retrieved from a shelf edge site, where rapid seafloor depressions as a result of permafrost thawing have been observed. Downcore decrease of water isotopic signatures indicate widespread meteoric freshwater seepage from the region. The Δ14C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in pore fluids indicate an ancient source of DIC (up to 7.7 cal kyr BP). The carbon isotopic mass balance calculation with Δ14C and δ13C of DIC suggest an input of ancient DIC with little radiocarbon, which is not from in-situ dissolution of carbonate. In other words, mixing of DIC from in-situ degradation of local organic carbon and overlying seawater DIC cannot explain the observed Δ14C values of DIC. Based on these results from porewater profiles, we suggest a lateral discharge of low-chlorinity fluid carrying such an ancient DIC to shallow sediments as a result of the decadal degradation of submarine permafrost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".