Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photonic generation of microwave signals refers to the use of photonic techniques for the generation of microwave signals. Microwave photonic filters are essential devices for photonic microwave signal processing. Photonic distribution of microwave signals is implemented by microwave photonic links. Photonic generation of Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals is a technology to use photonic techniques to generate UWB signals thanks to the ultra-wide bandwidth offered by modern photonics. Photonic Arbitrary Waveform Generation refers to the generation of arbitrary microwave waveforms using photonic techniques. Microwave photonic beamforming based on photonic true time delays is a technique used in phased array antenna systems to steer the beam of an antenna array by applying precise time delays to the microwave signal at each individual antenna element. The immunity to electromagnetic interference of photonic systems is an added advantage of performing microwave measurements using photonics. Microwave photonic sensors have found applications in various fields, including telecommunications, aerospace, defense, and civil engineering.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".