Observed soil arching-induced ground deformation and stress redistribution behind braced excavation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents observed arching-induced ground deformation and stress redistribution behind braced excavation using the top-down construction method. The soil properties around the excavation were determined by laboratory and field tests. The ground deformation, soil displacement vector, strain path, principal strain, maximum shear strain, lateral earth pressure, pore water pressure, and effective stress path are presented based on the measured data. The majority of soil behind the wall is under volumetric expansion, indicating consolidation, creep behavior, or a combination of both. Besides, two periods of increases in pore pressure are observed, due to stress transfer from the lower to the upper parts (i.e., soil arching effect). The deep inward movement of the wall and the nearby soil accounts for the distribution of lateral earth pressure acting on the wall. The soil located behind the area of maximum wall deformation and adjacent to the wall, as well as the soil below the excavation base intersected by the shear plane, is in an active stress state. The lateral earth pressure at 5 m from the left excavation wall showed minimal changes, due to the combined effects of soil arching from lateral excavation and shield tunneling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".