Drifting groundwater temperatures in the Netherlands: opportunities for hydrogeological analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperature-depth profiles in the central part of the Netherlands collected over the past 7 years in a large number of piezometers document a regional increase in groundwater temperatures to depths of upto ~100 meters. This rise is congruent to observed increases in air temperature, related to climatic change. For some locations the data collected recently can be compared to similar observations done in the 1970-80s. Our observations show that the magnitude and rate of increase in groundwater temperature strongly vary by location and across depth. In part these differences can be explained by contrasts in land-surface conditions, but our analysis demonstrates that varying groundwater flow conditions also play an important role in explaining the observed patterns. Moreover, we show that an analysis of the transience in the temperature-depth profile can yield quantitative estimate of groundwater flow rates and subsurface hydraulic properties when combined with observations of hydraulic head gradients. We conclude that the current rising trends in groundwater temperature should provide a significant opportunity for the hydrogeological community to quantitatively analyze groundwater flow systems worldwide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".