Modeling and simulation of anisotropic cross-linked cellulose fiber networks with an out-of-plane topography
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Non-woven cellulose fiber networks of low areal density are widely used in many industrial applications and consumer products. A discrete element method (DEM) modeling framework is advanced to simulate the formation of strongly anisotropic cellulose fiber network sheets in the dilute limit with simplified hydrodynamic and hydroelastic interactions. Our modeling accounts for in-plane fiber orientation and viscous drag indirectly by using theories developed by Niskanen (2018 Fundamentals of Papermaking, Trans. 9th Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symp. Cambridge, 1989 (FRC) pp 275–308) and Cox (1970 J. Fluid Mech. 44 791–810) respectively. Networks formed on a patterned and flat substrate are simulated for different fiber types, and their tensile response is used to assess the influence of the out-of-plane topographical pattern, specifically, on their stiffness and strength. Sheets with the same grammage and thickness, but composed with a higher fraction of softwood fiber (longer fibers with large diameter), have higher strength and higher strain to failure compared to sheets made from hardwood fibers (short fibers with small diameter). However, varying the fiber fraction produces only an insignificant variation in the initial sheet stiffness. The above simulation predictions are confirmed experimentally for sheets comprised of fibers with different ratios of Eucalyptus kraft and Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft fibers. Sheets with out-of-plane topography show an unsymmetric mass distribution, lower tensile stiffness, and lower tensile strength compared to those formed on a flat substrate. The additional fiber deformation modes activated by the out-of-plane topography, such as bending and twisting, explain these differences in the sheet mechanical characteristics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it