All-cellulose hydrogel with ultrahigh stretchability exceeding 40000%
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While cellulose-based stretchable hydrogels have been extensively explored in recent years, all-cellulose hydrogels continue to face the limitation of low stretchability (less than 250 %). Herein, for the first time, we fabricate an all-cellulose hydrogel with ultrahigh stretchability that can exceed 40000 % strain. By ring opening reaction on cellulose anhydroglucose unit rings, secondary hydroxyls are converted to primary hydroxyls, enabling enhanced chain flexibility, and facilitating the formation of abundant hydrogen bonds. As a result, the obtained hydrogel displays remarkable characteristics, including record-high stretchability (44200 %), rapid self-healing property (within seconds), and the unique ability to form cellulose fiber. With simple drawing, a smooth and flexible cellulose fiber can be obtained, demonstrating good processability and a high tensile strength of 226 MPa. Furthermore, the all-cellulose hydrogel can function as a human motion sensor and electrocardiogram electrode for monitoring physiological signals. This simple yet highly effective method will not only propel the advancement of ultrastretchable all-cellulose hydrogels but also create new possibilities for wearable device applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".