Artificial Intelligence Approach to Predict Supply Chain Performance: Implications for Sustainability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of supply chains significantly impacts the success of businesses. In addressing this critical aspect, this article presents a methodology for analyzing and predicting key performance indicators (KPIs) within supply chains characterized by limited, imprecise, and uncertain data. Drawing upon an extensive literature review, this study identifies 21 KPIs using the balanced scorecard (BSC) methodology as a performance measurement framework. While prior research has relied on the grey first-order one-variable GM (1,1) model to predict supply chain performance within constrained datasets, this study introduces an artificial intelligence approach, specifically a GM (1,1)-based artificial neural network (ANN) model, to enhance prediction precision. Unlike the traditional GM (1,1) model, the proposed approach evaluates performance based on the mean relative error (MRE). The results demonstrate a significant reduction in MRE levels, ranging from 77.09% to 0.23%, across various KPIs, leading to improved prediction accuracy. Notably, the grey neural network (GNN) model exhibits superior predictive accuracy compared to the GM (1,1) model. The findings of this study underscore the potential of the proposed artificial intelligence approach in facilitating informed decision-making by industrial managers, thereby fostering economic sustainability within enterprises across all operational tiers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".