Perturbations in the earthworm metabolite profile during a two-week exposure to metformin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metformin is among the most prescribed pharmaceuticals in many countries, and as a result has shown up in biosolids derived from municipal wastewater treatment that are destined for land application. In humans taking metformin, the effects include reduced glucose uptake in the intestine, a reduction in gluconeogenesis, increased oxidation of fatty acids, and reduced fatty acid synthesis. The effects of metformin on soil-dwelling organisms are not well understood. This study tested the effects of metformin exposure (0, 10, 40, 160, 640 μg g−1) on the earthworm (E. fetida) at four time points (6 h, 2 d, 7 d, and 14 d) using GC-MS to reveal sub-lethal effects and elucidate potential modes of action for metformin. There were no mortalities observed, and earthworms exposed to the highest concentrations (160 and 640 μg g−1) gained weight relative to the control on days 7 and 14. Significant reductions on day 7 were observed for glucose and malic acid (consistent with a reduction in gluconeogenesis), and for palmitic and margaric acid (consistent with increased oxidation and reduced synthesis of fatty acids). Lactic acid ranked first and second among canonicals 1 and 2 respectively and led to significant differences in discriminant scores across concentration and time. Metabolite levels increased to equal or greater than the control on day 14, likely caused by reduced exposure as metformin is reported to be readily transformed by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. The observations were consistent with the known effects of metformin in humans, and suggests that a similar mode of action exists in earthworms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".