Provenance of the Neogene Deposits in the Western Himalayan Foreland Basin: Implications for Drainage Reorganization during the Late Miocene Uplift of the Himalaya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interaction between large-scale tectonics of the Himalaya and the Indian summer monsoon play a major role in shaping drainage systems of major Himalayan rivers. In this study we attempted to track the sediment sources of the Neogene‒Quaternary fluvial deposits of the Kasauli Formation and Siwalik Group in the Subathu Basin of the Western Himalayan foreland basin. The depositional interval of these deposits spans from middle Miocene to Pliocene which overlap with the onset of Indian monsoon and its influence on the denudation of Himalayan rocks. Provenance analysis based on our detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and bulk rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data indicates that these Neogene‒Quaternary rocks record chiefly the exhumation of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence. However, at recurrent intervals within the Siwalik Group the presence of zircon population 40–110 Ma in age suggests a sediment sourcing from the Trans Himalayan batholith. We propose that the Sutlej River that originates in south Tibet acted as a transverse paleodispersal system and routed these arc-derived sediments to the Himalayan foreland basin via one of its extinct paleochannels. Zircon data suggest that this across-orogen routing system was particularly effective during the deposition of Middle Siwalik Formation (ca 11- 4.5 Ma), when the rate of uplift of the Himalaya decreased. On the other hand, the small-scale fluctuations in the presence of the Trans Himalayan zircons observed in the Lower and Upper Siwalik formations may primarily reflect climatic forcing, which induced changing monsoon precipitation and the Sutlej’s transport capacity between dry and moist periods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".