Population and Urbanization in the Late Roman Period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chapter 6 highlights the deep changes in the population patterns and distribution in Hispania Tarraconensis during the Late Roman period. Some cities were abandoned during the second century ce, whereas the size and importance of most of the surviving ones decreased from the third century onwards. In the past, both factors are linked with the so-called third-century crisis. However, opposing patterns can be observed in the countryside, where luxurious villae were built in the same period, revealing a dynamic self-sufficient territory in constant evolution rather than in decline or crisis. This chapter will therefore tackle the question of whether what can be seen is an overall decline in the Iberian peninsula or rather a shift from urban to rural, with a change in the level of urbanization in the province. One of the major challenges is to quantify the ‘decline’ of an urban community. Again, the use of detailed archaeological reports of well-researched case studies provides insights into the development of the population in the late antique city.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".