Association of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) with Keloids and Hypertrophic Scar in Thais
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Keloids and hypertrophic scars are abnormal fibro-proliferative lesions. Associations between genes, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in particular, and keloids have been studied in various ethnic groups but not in Thais. Objective: To investigate the association of HLA alleles with keloids and hypertrophic scars in Thais. Materials and Methods: The present study employed a retrospective case-control design. Scar assessment was performed on 139 kidney donors who underwent nephrectomy at Ramathibodi Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015. The wound scars after nephrectomy were evaluated and graded by a plastic surgeon using the modified Vancouver Scar Scale. Kidney donors who were unable to communicate well or who had autoimmune diseases or complications from surgery were excluded from the study. The diagnosis of a keloid scar, hypertrophic scar, and flat scar was made by clinical criteria. The donors were categorized into groups with three scar types, flat as the control group, hypertrophic, and keloid. The associations between the frequencies of HLA antigen with hypertrophic scar and keloids were measured with an odds ratio using logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 139 living kidney donors, 15 (10.8%) had keloids, 46 (33.1%) had hypertrophic scars, and 78 (56.1%) had flat scars. Sixty-one HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, and -DQB1 alleles were evaluated in the present study. Compared with controls, the allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*15 was significantly higher in the keloid group at 43.33% versus 24.36% (odds ratio 2.37, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 5.33, p=0.036). No significant association between HLA alleles and hypertrophic scars was found. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the positive association of HLA-DRB1*15 with keloids in Thai individuals. The HLA-DRB1*15 could be a susceptibility factor for the development of keloids. Keywords: Human leukocyte antigen; Keloids; Thais, HLA-DRB1; Positive association
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".