A Digitally Controlled Bidirectional 24–32-GHz Variable Gain Phase Shifter in 45-nm SOI CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a novel topology for a bidirectional variable gain phase shifter (VGPS) circuit. The proposed VGPS circuit includes an in-phase-power-splitting stage that evenly divides the input signal. These two resulting signals are then directed into two separate phase-only tunable components achieved through phase shifters (PSs). Careful selection of specific phase settings for the two PSs yields the desired overall gain and phase shift when their outputs are combined. The operational principle and theoretical analysis of the proposed VGPS circuit are provided. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed topology, a VGPS circuit demonstrator was implemented using 45 nm Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS technology. The demonstrator incorporates two reflection-type phase shifters and non-isolated splitters/combiners at the input/output, fitting within a compact area of 0.179 mm2. Measurement results reveal excellent gain and phase tuning ranges of 20 dB (ranging from -7.5 dB to -27.5 dB) and 360∘, respectively. Moreover, the demonstrator maintains precise control over phase and gain ranges with a tuning step of 5.6∘/1 dB while ensuring total root mean square phase and gain errors remain below 1.6∘ and 0.25 dB, respectively, across a bandwidth spanning 24-32 GHz.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".