GRAZING UNWORRIED: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN A DAMMED RIVER FAVOR THE DIET OF THE INVASIVE METYNNIS LIPPINCOTTIANUS (CHARACIFORMES, SERRASALMIDAE)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We evaluate the natural diet of the invasive silver dollar Metynnis lippincottianus in the Lower São Francisco River, Brazil. The species' diet was composed almost exclusively of Zygnemataceae algae, a food item consumed by almost all individuals (Frequency of Occurrence (FO) = 99.80%). The remaining consumed items were plant fragments (FO = 3.57%), mites (FO = 2.38%), gastropods (FO = 1.19%), thalloid algae (FO = 1.19%), ants (FO = 1.09%), and invertebrate eggs (FO = 1.09%). The high alimentary importance of Zygnemataceae algae (Alimentary Index = 99.992%) highlights the lack of a great intraspecific variation in the diet of M. lippincottianus and a high trophic specialization. The herbivorous diet, with a tendency to consume algae, is supported by high values of intestinal coefficient (4.71 ± 1.45) that favor the digestion of these items and are commonly related to low trophic levels. The specialized diet of M. lippincottianus is supported by the proliferation of algae following the damming of the river. In addition, the diet composition of the species changed between the rainy and the dry season (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001), displaying a broader niche by the consumption of alternative items (e.g., thalloid algae, gastropods) in the rainy season. The species had an herbivorous diet, with a predominance of filamentous algae, throughout the study, with small variations between seasons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".