Using the Tidal Response of Groundwater to Assess and Monitor Caprock Confinement in CO2 Geological Sequestration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon geological storage (CGS) is an important global practice implemented to mitigate the effects of CO2 emissions on temperature, climate, sea level, and biodiversity. The monitoring of CGS leakage and the impact of storage on hydrogeological properties is important for management and long-term planning. In this study, we show the value of passive monitoring methods based on measuring and modeling water-level responses to tides. We review how monitoring can be used to identify time-varying horizontal and vertical permeabilities as well as independently detect time-varying fracture distribution in aquifer–caprock systems. Methods based on water-level responses to Earth tides are minimally invasive, convenient, economic (since they use existing groundwater wells), and time-continuous. We show how measurements can be used to detect aquifer leakage (caprock confinement) and the distribution of surrounding faults and fractures, which are the two most important unsolved quantities in assessing geological CO2 storage strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".