Engineering a Photoenzyme to Use Red Light
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photoenzymatic catalysis is an emerging platform for asymmetric synthesis. In most of these reactions, the protein templates a charge transfer complex between the cofactor and substrate, which absorbs in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here, we report the engineering of a photoenzymatic ‘ene’-reductase to utilize red light (620 nm) for a radical cyclization reaction. Mechanistic studies indicate that red light ac-tivity is achieved by introducing a broadly absorbing shoulder off the previously identified cyan absorption feature. Molecular dynamics simulations, docking, and excited-state calculations suggest that red light absorption is a 𝜋→ 𝜋* transition from flavin to the substrate, while the cyan feature is the red-shift of the flavin 𝜋→ 𝜋* transition, which occurs upon substrate binding. Differences in the excitation event help to disfavor alkylation of the flavin cofactor, a pathway for catalyst decomposition observed with cyan light but not red.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".