Ecological status of a retired mine lake in a protected dune ecosystem
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ottawa Sands Lake is a retired mine lake located in a protected dune ecosystem adjacent to Lake Michigan in western Michigan, USA.Development activities are planned for the lake and surrounding land, potentially threatening the lake's ecological health.We conducted a baseline study of water quality and macroinvertebrates, combined with exclusion cage experiments, to examine the role of predation.Our results indicated the lake's littoral zone had good water quality with low phosphorus (mean soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP] < 5 g/L; mean total phosphorus [TP] < 10 g/L) and nitrogen (mean nitrate [NO 3 -N] = 38-190 g/L; mean ammonia [NH 3 -N] = 8-19 g/L, excluding deep hole) concentrations, high dissolved oxygen (>9.5 mg/L, excluding deep hole), and low chlorophyll a (<12 g/L, except for 1 sampling date) concentrations.The macroinvertebrate community was dominated by 9 families, with Chironomidae the most abundant.Three environmental factors-specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, and ammonia-were significantly related, albeit weakly, to macroinvertebrate community structure.The exclusion cages did not result in a statistically significant difference in macroinvertebrate community structure, although high variance may have masked differences.Overall, Ottawa Sands Lake is a high-quality system, but development plans, including the installation of a paved trail around the lake and the implementation of a nonmotorized boating program, may result in changes.The baseline conditions outlined in this work will allow lake managers to assess the impact of development activity and add to the limited database regarding the limnology of retired mine lakes around the globe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".