Geochemical characteristics and origin of the formation water of the Saline Lake Basin: a case study of the Quaternary Qigequan Formation in the Sanhu Depression, Qaidam Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Clarifying the geochemical characteristics of formation water and its origin is conducive to clarifying the gas migration path, elaborating the law of gas migration and accumulation, and further predicting the favourable area of gas accumulation. Taking Quaternary formation water from the Tainan-Sebei area of the Sanhu Depression as the research object, the chemical characteristics and origin of the region are clarified using anion analysis, cation analysis, hydrogen isotope analysis, oxygen isotope analysis and so on. The results are as follows. (1) The formation water in the study area has a high total dissolved solids (TDS) content and is mainly type IV and V of CaCl2. (2) Low r(Na+)/r(Cl−), low desulfurization coefficient, high r(Ca2+)/r(Mg2+) and high indices of base exchange indicate that the Qigequan Formation is in a stagnant zone, which is beneficial for the accumulation and preservation of biogenic gas. (3) Due to albitization and water–rock reactions, the formation water is rich in Ca2+, poor in Na+ and poor in Mg2+. (4) The formation water in the study area originates from the glacial meltwater of the Kunlun Mountains, which converts into groundwater and seeps into the formation along the piedmont slope zone. In the process of groundwater infiltration and convergence, many salt substances in the formation are dissolved, resulting in a gradual increase in TDS. Then, the formation water with a high TDS migrates to the anticline in the northern part of the depression and is finally trapped in the formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".