A Multi-Point Optical Fibre Sensor for Proton Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the technology to deliver precise and very high radiotherapeutic doses with narrow margins grows to better serve patients with complex radiotherapeutic needs, so does the need for sensors and sensor systems that can reliably deliver multi-point dose monitoring and dosimetry for enhanced safety and access. To address this need, we investigated a novel five-point scintillator system for simultaneously sampling points across a 74 MeV proton beam with a Hamamatsu 16-channel MPPC array. We studied the response across beam widths from 25 mm down to 5 mm in diameter and in multiple depths to observe beam penumbrae and output factors as well as depth–dose. We found through comparison to ionization chambers and radiochromic film that the array is capable of measurements accurate to within 8% in the centre of proton beams from 5 to 25 mm in diameter, and within 2% at 3.5 cm depth in water. The results from three trials are repeatable after calibration to within <1%. Overall, the five optical fibre sensor system shows promise as a fast, multipoint relative dosimetry system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".