Development of Tools for the Direct Measurement of Shear Stress and Shear Strain within a Soil Mass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article describes the development of sensing tools designed and applied to the direct measurement of shear stresses and shear strain within a soil mass. The importance in the development of these tools is in their ability to measure shear stresses and shear distortions within soil without any a priori information of the stress and strains applied at the boundaries of the system. These tools may be applied to element testing, testing of physical models, and field applications. The sensors were used in the testing of a sand in a large simple shear apparatus, under both constant height and constant vertical pressure conditions. Testing demonstrated that shear stresses smaller than 0.1 kPa are easily resolved. Shear strains smaller than 10−5 (abs) were reliably measured. Measurement of shear stress and shear distortion within the soil mass allows for direct determination of the shear stiffness of the soil. Shear stiffness measured in this fashion is significantly greater than that determined from the globally measured shear stress and shear strain. The stiffness degradation curve illustrates a constant shear stiffness over the range of 10−5 through 5·10−4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".