Multiring basin formation constrains Europa’s ice shell thickness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jupiter's moon Europa hosts a subsurface ocean under an ice shell of uncertain thickness. Europa has two multiring basins that exhibit several concentric rings. The formation of these multiring basins is thought to be sensitive to the thickness and thermal structure of the ice shell. Here, we simulate multiring basin forming impacts on Europa finding that a total ice shell greater than 20 kilometers thick is required to reproduce observed ring structures. Thin ice shells (<15 kilometers thick) result in compressional tectonics inconsistent with observed ring structures. Our simulations are also sensitive to the thermal structure of the ice shell and indicate that Europa's at least 20-kilometer ice shell is composed of a 6- to 8-kilometer-thick conductive lid overlying warm convecting ice. The constraints on Europa's ice shell structure resulting from this work are directly relevant to our understanding of the potential habitability of Europa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".