Emigration and the Limits of Public Policy in Quebec and Nova Scotia, 1867–1900
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the nineteenth century, many regions of Canada faced a crisis that sometimes seemed existential: uneven economic growth resulted in sustained emigration to the United States. Far from being unique to French Canadians in the St. Lawrence River valley, whose story is better known, the exodus touched Nova Scotia and intersected with debates over industrialization and federal-provincial relations. Everywhere the issue posed a challenge to elected officials. However, diagnosing the problem differently and wielding a variety of policy tools, these officials could not agree on means of generating opportunities comparable to those of the US Northeast. Whereas Quebec recommitted itself to an agrarian vision of domestic colonization, a vigorous critique of Confederation emerged in Nova Scotia. The debates in these two provinces should inspire scholars to study emigration as the foremost national challenge of the late nineteenth century and integrate historical voices who exemplify the many political paths available to Canadian electors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".