A Miniaturized Fan Beam Antenna Based on Spherical Luneburg Lens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A beamforming antenna based on a spherical Luneburg lens operating at $3-4 \mathrm{GHz}$ is proposed. The antenna consists of a spherical lens with a radius of $0.8 \%_{0}$ (free-space wavelength of the central operating frequency) and five double-ridged waveguides. An approximation to an ideal Luneburg lens is realized by controlling the air-filling rate of a series of hollow dielectric cones with common vertices. By adopting the double ridge waveguide as the feed source, the requirement of the fan beam for the smaller aperture feed source is realized. The simulation results show that the aperture efficiency of the designed lens can reach $60 \%$, the synthetic beam is a fan beam with a width of 145°, and the gain flatness is better than $0.5 \mathrm{~dB}$ within ± 60°. The antenna has the advantages of small lens size, high aperture efficiency, and wide synthetic beam, and can be used for the deployment of 5G communication base stations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".