Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of redshifted 21-cm emission of neutral hydrogen have the potential to probe a wide range of epochs in the universe's history. At frequencies below ~150 MHz, redshifted 21-cm emission can open an observational window into cosmic dawn and the dark ages. The global 21-cm signal, averaged across the sky, captures the ignition and heating processes of the first stars and is expected to have a characteristic absorption feature around a red shift of 20. The first and only detection of the cosmic dawn absorption feature was reported by EDGES in 2018, and if confirmed to be true, represents our first point of entry into exploring this early epoch in our universe's history. However, the SARAS3 experiment recently reported a non-detection that is in tension with the EDGES result at roughly$2\sigma$. Because global 21-cm observations require measurements of total power, experiments are limited by systematic uncertainties, rather than statistical noise. Independent measurement efforts are therefore crucial for further elucidating the cosmic dawn signal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".