Drone-Based Beam Mapping of the Array of Long Baseline Antennas for Taking Radio Observations from the Seventy-Ninth Parallel (ALBATROS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cosmic “dark ages” refers to the period when the universe was filled with neutral hydrogen after recombination and prior to the cosmic dawn. This period can be probed via measurements of redshifted 21 cm emissions of neutral hydrogen at < 30 MHz. To date, the dark ages remains unobserved due to the experimental challenges of overcoming Galactic foreground emissions, ionospheric contamination, and terrestrial radio-frequency interference. The Array of Long Baseline Antennas for Taking Radio Observations from the Seventy-ninth parallel (ALBATROS) aims to characterize Galactic foregrounds at these low radio frequencies with an order of magnitude resolution improvement over existing data below ~30 MHz, paving the way for future observations of the dark ages. The state of the art among ground-based measurements dates from the 1950s, when Reber and Ellis caught brief glimpses of the 2.1 MHz sky at ~ 5° resolution, using an array of 192 dipoles (Reber & Ellis, 1956). With an operating frequency range of 1.2 - 125 MHz, ALBATROS is an interferometric array consisting of multiple independent stations of dual polarization Long Wavelength Array (LWA) dipole antennas connected to back-end readout electronics. ALBATROS is designed to operate autonomously for extended periods with subsequent offline data correlation. A key component of ALBATROS data analysis is knowledge of the antenna beam pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".