The Effects of Climate Change on Hawaii’s Coral Reef Ecosystem Over the Past 20 Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hawaiian islands are known for their rich marine biodiversity in coral reef ecosystems. However, in the last 20 years, changes in sea surface temperatures, sea levels, carbon dioxide levels, and ocean pH have severely impacted these reef ecosystems. Hawaiian corals can experience heat stress with temperatures as little as 1-2 °C above the average and thermal stress events were prevalent from 2014-2017, causing bleaching and increasing mortality. The increase in sea level in Hawaiian marine ecosystems has caused reefs to “drown” from the lack of sufficient sunlight and thus suffer from bleaching. Coral disease is linked with high temperatures, seen through the common reef-building coral disease white syndrome. Invasive species outbreaks, with Acanthaster planci as an example, are also correlated with changes in the climate and reef communities. With the loss of coral, there have been consequences on marine biodiversity in Hawaiian reef ecosystems. Specifically, the three most native coral genera, porites, montipora, and pocillopora, which are the most important species to the reefs, have been declining in population. As a result, higher threat statuses have been observed among turtles, reef fish, and marine mammals that are reliant on their coral reef ecosystems for protection and food sources.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".