Exploring the perceived mental health benefits of pickleball for junior players: a pilot study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pickleball was first introduced in the 1960s and is growing quickly in popularity. A variety of benefits for adult pickleball players are reported in the literature. However, there has only been one study of pickleball for junior players published in the literature. In the present exploratory pilot study, we used a questionnaire to examine the perceptions of 51 junior pickleball players between the ages of 8 and 18 in the US. Results indicated that junior players had positive perceptions of the sport. Pickleball playing appeared to have a variety of mental health benefits including decreased stress, as well as improvements in coping, focus, making friends, and mood. Results also suggested that for every 1.00 standard deviation increase in the number of times pickleball was played each month, there was a predicted increase in benefits of 0.35 standard deviations, a small-to-moderate effect size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".