Synthesis and doping of high-temperature resistant spinel nano pigments: A review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spinel nano-pigments are high-performance super small particles, combining the stable properties of the spinel structures with the high activity of Nanomaterials. While entrapment of highly toxic yet beautiful chromophores in the spinel structure diminishes the toxicity and improves the thermal resistance, a high surface area provided by the nano-scale pigments results in a uniform bright coating with a sufficiently high color strength and enhanced light transmission. Although the spinel nano pigments are promising for the coating and ceramic industries, the applications are limited, mostly due to the required high sintering temperature. Various synthesis processes have been tried for these pigments with the sol-gel method being the most frequent one. Many elements have been considered as dopants for these spinel systems to enhance, change, or improve the optical and physical properties. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the work done in this field, covering almost 20 years of research dedicated to the synthesis and doping of spinel nano pigments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".