Singing Habit Potentially Prevents the Oral Frailty of Japanese Healthy Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Focus has recently been placed on the importance of taking measures against the oral frailty of healthy elderly individuals. OBJECTIVE: To exploratorily examine the association of singing habit with the oral frailty of Japanese healthy middle-aged and elderly subjects. METHODS: Self-reported questionnaire surveys on singing habit, oral frailty, social isolation, and depressive tendency were conducted. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated, and simple linear regression analysis assessed the association of an independent variable (singing habit scores) with a dependent variable [oral frailty index (OFI)-8 scores], while multiple linear regression analysis assessed the associations of independent variables (age, gender, as well as the presence or absence of singing habit, social isolation, and depressive tendency) with the OFI-8 scores. RESULTS: 32 subjects (6 males and 26 females; mean age, 69.0±5.6 years) participated in the surveys. The OFI-8 scores ranged from 0 to 11 points (mean score: 3.3±2.3 points), with the most predominant score of 4 points (8/32, 25.0%). Simple linear regression analysis (n=32) revealed that singing habit significantly lowered the OFI-8 scores (p=0.045), although no correlation was detected (R2=0.1269). Multiple linear regression analysis (n=31) revealed that singing habit showed a moderate inverse correlation (b, -1.73; r=-0.44) with and significantly lowered the OFI-8 scores (p=0.03), suggesting its potential of reducing the risk of oral frailty. Age, social isolation, and depressive tendency had no significant association with the OFI-8 scores. CONCLUSION: The present exploratory study does not provide conclusive evidence about oral frailty prevention by singing habit but affords underpinnings for further research. Keywords: Singing Habit, Oral Frailty, Depression, Social Isolation, Healthy Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals, Self-reported Questionnaire Surveys
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".