Broadband heterodyne electro-optic sampling using a lithium niobate ridge-waveguide
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We demonstrated the bandwidth broadening of terahertz waves detected by heterodyne electro-optical sampling by implementing a ridge waveguide structure in a lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) crystal. Such an approach effectively reduces absorption loss, eases the phase matching condition and enhances the nonlinear interaction length through the optical confinement effect. As a result, we have more than doubled the bandwidth and improved the signal-to-noise ratio compared with an equivalent approach in a bulk LiNbO 3 crystal. Heterodyne electro-optic sampling in a ridged-waveguide structure is only marginally dependent on the probe beam wavelength, suggesting its potential as a versatile method for broadband terahertz detection.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it